The Massachusetts Provincial Congress was a revolutionary governing body that played a crucial role in the lead-up to the American Revolution. Formed in response to escalating tensions with Great Britain, it served as a de facto government for the colony, exercising powers that had traditionally belonged to the British-appointed governor.
On October 5, 1774, over ninety representatives from the various Massachusetts county conventions met in Salem in defiance of General Thomas Gage’s dissolution of the Massachusetts Colonial Legislature. Upon learning of the meeting, Gage attempted to shut down the meeting but failed. Acting upon the advice of the various county conventions and resolves, especially the Suffolk Resolves, the representatives quickly voted to organize themselves into a “Provincial Congress…to take into consideration the dangerous and alarming situation of public affairs in this province, and to consult and determine on such measures as they shall judge will tend to promote the true interest of his majesty, and the peace, welfare, and prosperity of the province.”1 The representatives remained in Salem for a few days and then quickly adjourned to reconvene in Concord, Massachusetts.
When General Thomas Gage dissolved the Massachusetts Colonial Legislature on June 21, 1774, many communities throughout the colony demanded that town and regional committees be organized to counter Gage’s actions and form a constitutional government that would protect their rights and liberties. By late August, correspondence committees across the colony called for representatives from every town to organize county conventions and draft resolutions outlining the strategy and legal justification for opposing Crown policy.
The Massachusetts Court Closures of 1774 marked the escalation of Massachusetts’ resistance to British authority. The closures were a direct response to the Coercive Acts (also known as the Intolerable Acts), a series of punitive measures passed by the British Parliament in 1774. Among the measures was the Massachusetts Government Act, which severely restricted colonial self-governance by placing the judicial system under the direct control of the royal governor and eliminating town meetings without prior approval. Many colonists believed that this act infringed their rights and autonomy as British citizens.
The Massachusetts Government Act of 1774 was a legislative measure enacted by the British Parliament in response to escalating colonial unrest, particularly following the Boston Tea Party. This act sought to tighten British control over the Massachusetts Bay Colony by significantly altering its governance structure and severely limiting the colonists’ civil liberties.
Before passage of the act, Massachusetts enjoyed a significant degree of self-governance, allowing colonists to exercise local autonomy and manage provincial affairs with minimal interference. However, following the Tea Party, British officials viewed this autonomy as a breeding ground for resistance to British economic and political policies and potential rebellion. Thus, the act aimed to curtail these self-governing privileges and signal expected obedience to royal authority.
Passed on March 31, 1774, the Boston Port Act closed Boston Harbor to most commerce, demanded reparations for the destroyed tea, and imposed a naval blockade on the town. This drastic measure crippled the town’s economy—a significant blow to a seaport heavily reliant on maritime trade. Businesses shuttered, unemployment soared, and the town faced economic ruin.
Parliament believed that the colonies would not support Boston and that it would only be a short time before Boston acquiesced and paid for the tea, reestablishing British authority in the colonies.1 Word of the act reached the colonies on May 11, setting off immediate anger and opposition. The May 16 edition of the Boston Evening Post warned, “AMERICANS … Tyranny without a covering now stares you all in the face. . . You must ALL unite to guard your Rights, or you will ALL be slaves!”2
The Boston Massacre unfolded on March 5, 1770, on King Street in Boston. While often depicted as a brutal act of British oppression, a closer look reveals the incident was the result of increasing friction between the colonists and the British authorities.
A series of economic acts passed by the British Parliament in the 1760s designed to generate revenue and curb England’s massive debt from the French and Indian War sowed the seeds of discontent in the Massachusetts colony. Colonists in America fiercely resisted these measures, viewing them as an infringement on their rights as British citizens. While many colonists adopted a policy of economic boycotts to reverse the laws, others, especially those in Boston, resorted to violence.
On the morning of April 19, 1775, over 700 King’s troops marched into Concord to search for military supplies that spies had told Royal Governor Gage were being hidden there to support a rebellion against the King. Their search met unexpected resistance, exploding into a day-long battle over eighteen miles from Concord to Boston with fighting on open ground and from behind trees and stone walls. Today, you can retrace the soldiers’ steps along the Battle Road and imagine the landscape and walls as they were that day thanks, in part, to a 2024 project by Minute Man National Historical Park to rebuild the park’s historic stone walls in Concord, Lincoln, and Lexington. Led by Michael Papile, a team of professional stone wallers affiliated with The Stone Trust (an organization dedicated to preserving and advancing the art of dry stone walling) restored these walls. Stone by stone, stories of time were put back together.
On February 26, 1775, a confrontation occurred in the port town of Salem, Massachusetts, today known as “The Salem Affair.” Although many historians gloss over this event, it nearly triggered the start of the American Revolution and accelerated Massachusetts’ wartime preparations.
As the 250th Anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord approaches, a witness house sits at the top of Concord’s Main Street, full of stories of rebels and traitors whose actions shaped the America we know today. It is the Wright Tavern, a red wood building with black shutters; one of the last standing colonial-era taverns from that fateful day of April 19, 1775.
The tale of this tavern begins with a dangerous hole in the ground.
The American Revolution, a new six-part, 12-hour series directed by Ken Burns, Sarah Botstein, and David Schmidt and written by Geoffrey Ward will premiere on PBS on November 16, 2025. The series examines how America’s creation turned the world upside-down. Thirteen British colonies on the Atlantic Coast rose in rebellion, won their independence, and established a new form of government that radically reshaped the continent and inspired centuries of democratic movements around the globe.
Discover Concord magazine had the privilege of speaking with the filmmakers about their experience here in the Concord and Lexington area and what it meant to them to film such an important documentary about the war that would launch the United States of America into being.
